Cells that may be used to treat conditions like paralysis primarily include various types of stem cells. Among the most studied are neural stem cells (NSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and embryonic stem cells (ESCs). NSCs have the ability to differentiate into neural cells, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes, providing neuroprotective effects and potential for functional recovery in spinal cord injuries. MSCs, derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord, and other sources, have immunomodulatory, tissue repair, and neurotrophic effects that make them useful in reducing inflammation and promoting neurological recovery. ESCs are pluripotent and can differentiate into many cell types including neurons and glial cells, but their use is complicated by ethical issues. Mesenchymal stem cells are widely used because they are easy to isolate, pose fewer ethical concerns, and have shown promise in improving motor and sensory functions in spinal cord injury patients. Neural stem cells have also been used in clinical trials with some motor improvement noted. Embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells have been trialed for promoting remyelination of axons and vascularization in spinal cord injury. Thus, stem cells types such as neural stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (bone marrow, umbilical cord, adipose derived), and embryonic stem cell derivatives are leading candidates in cell therapies for paralysis due to spinal cord injury or neurodegenerative conditions.

In summary, the main types of cells used to treat paralysis in current research and clinical trials are:

• Neural Stem Cells (NSCs)
• Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) from bone marrow, umbilical cord, or adipose tissue
• Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) and their derivatives

These cell types promote nerve regeneration, protect dying neurons, reduce inflammation, and support functional recovery in paralysis-causing conditions.