Jim Bolger served as the 35th prime minister of New Zealand from October 1990 to December 1997. He led the National Party and then continued as prime minister after the 1993 election, which was the first to use the mixed-member proportional (MMP) system. He was effectively ousted as leader in December 1997 and was succeeded by Jenny Shipley. His tenure followed a period of major economic reform in New Zealand and included the transition to MMP and coalition politics.