Hiccups arise from involuntary spasms of the diaphragm, the large dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. These sudden contractions cause the characteristic “hic” sound when the vocal cords snap shut. Key points about causes and triggers

• Short-lived hiccups (less than 48 hours) are usually due to benign triggers such as:
  • Eating or drinking too quickly or in large amounts
  • Drinking carbonated beverages or alcohol
  • Sudden changes in temperature (hot or cold foods/drinks)
  • Emotional reactions like excitement or stress
  • Swallowing air from gum, smoking, or chewing
• Persistent or intractable hiccups (lasting longer than 48 hours) may indicate underlying medical issues involving nerves or the central nervous system. Possible contributors include:
  • Irritation or damage to the vagus or phrenic nerves that control the diaphragm
  • Central nervous system conditions (such as brain or spinal issues)
  • Metabolic or electrolyte disturbances
  • Certain medications or substances

Common explanations in plain terms

• The diaphragm spasms, often triggered by stomach or esophageal irritation or by nerves being irritated or inflamed.
• The hiccup reflex involves the brain’s control over the diaphragm, and disruptions can make hiccups persist.

What to do if you’re bothered by hiccups

• Try simple, safe remedies often recommended for temporary hiccups:
  • Hold your breath for a short moment, then swallow three times
  • Drink cold water slowly or sip from a glass of water
  • Breathe into a paper bag for a short period (do not use plastic or overdo this)
  • Gently press on the diaphragm or pull the knees to the chest
• If hiccups last more than 48 hours, or are severe enough to affect eating, sleeping, or cause chest pain or shortness of breath, seek medical evaluation. A clinician can check for underlying causes and may consider prescription medications or other therapies.

Bottom line

• Hiccups originate from involuntary diaphragm spasms triggered by a range of benign factors, with longer-lasting cases sometimes signaling more serious nerve or CNS issues. If typical self-care steps don’t resolve persistent hiccups, medical attention is advised to identify and treat any underlying cause.