Starlings nest almost exclusively in cavities, which can be natural or man- made. Common nesting sites include:

• Tree cavities or hollows, including old woodpecker holes and hollow dead tree trunks

• Cavities in buildings and structures such as wall cavities, roof eaves, soffits, chimneys, and under roof tiles

• Man-made structures like streetlights, traffic signal supports, vents (attic, dryer, bathroom, kitchen), and nest boxes

• Cliffs, burrows, rock crevices, and occasionally excavated sites in soft banks or limestone walls

Nests are typically located 10 to 60 feet above the ground but can be lower or higher depending on available sites

. Starlings prefer cavities with an entrance hole at least about 1.5 inches wide, as they cannot squeeze through smaller openings

. They build nests from a loosely woven mass of grass, twigs, bark, feathers, and sometimes trash or cloth, lining them with softer materials like feathers or moss

. In urban and suburban areas, starlings have adapted well to human structures, often nesting in vents, chimneys, and building crevices, which can cause noise, mess, and damage to properties

. In summary, starlings are cavity nesters that utilize a wide range of natural and artificial cavities for nesting, from tree holes to building crevices and man-made structures, usually at some height above the ground. They are highly adaptable in their choice of nesting sites.