Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells. Chloroplasts are specialized organelles that contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which captures light energy needed for photosynthesis

. Within the chloroplast, photosynthesis primarily takes place in the thylakoid membranes, where the light-dependent reactions occur. These membranes contain photosystems and chlorophyll molecules that absorb light and convert it into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)

. The stroma, the fluid surrounding the thylakoids inside the chloroplast, is where the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) occur, using ATP and NADPH to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide

. In summary:

• Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts.
• Light-dependent reactions happen in the thylakoid membranes.
• Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma of the chloroplast.

This cellular localization enables plants to efficiently convert light energy into chemical energy to sustain growth and metabolism