The very first shopping center in the world is considered to be Trajan's Market in ancient Rome, Italy. Built between 100 and 112 AD, it was a large complex with about 150 shops and offices arranged over six levels under a covered roof. Designed by architect Apollodorus of Damascus, it functioned as a centralized market area and administrative offices, making it the earliest known example of a shopping mall concept where multiple shops were grouped together.

For a more modern interpretation, the world's first fully enclosed, climate- controlled shopping mall as we know it today was the Southdale Center in Edina, Minnesota, opened in 1956.

Summary:

• Ancient first shopping center: Trajan's Market, Rome, 100-112 AD, multi-level shops.

• Modern mall concept: Southdale Center, Minnesota, 1956.