Doughnuts, as we recognize them today, were invented in the 19th century, with significant contributions attributed to Hanso Gregory, a Dutch sailor, who is believed to have popularized the ring shape with a hole in the middle in 1847. The creation of the hole was likely to solve the issue of uneven cooking, as the doughy center would often remain raw while the exterior was cooked.

Origins and Early History

• The earliest mentions of fried dough dates back to early European and Middle Eastern recipes, including the 13th-century Arabic cookbook and the 15th-century European recipes.

• Dutch settlers brought their tradition of making "olykoeks" or "oil cakes" to America in the 17th century, which are considered precursors to modern doughnuts.

• The story of Captain Hanson Gregory, who punched a hole in the middle of a fried dough while on a voyage, is widely credited with inventing the ring-shaped doughnut.

• The idea of a hole was to create a more evenly cooked and less greasy product, although the story about Gregory using a spice box lid during a storm remains partially anecdotal.

Evolution and Popularization

• Over the centuries, the doughnut evolved from a simple fried dough to a beloved American and global treat, especially after the 20th century rise of dedicated doughnut shops.

• The popularity of doughnuts was further cemented by chains like Dunkin’ Donuts and Krispy Kreme, which began in the mid-20th century.

In conclusion, while various cultures contributed to the development of fried dough confections, the modern doughnut, especially with the iconic hole, was popularized in America in the 19th century, with significant stories linking its invention to Dutch immigrants and American sailors.