The most common trees in boreal forests are primarily coniferous species, including black spruce, white spruce, balsam fir, jack pine, and tamarack. Among deciduous trees, the most common are white birch, trembling aspen, and balsam poplar. These trees are well adapted to the cold, nutrient-poor soils, and short growing seasons typical of boreal environments. Coniferous trees dominate due to their needle-like leaves and cone-bearing reproduction, which help them survive harsh winters and retain moisture. Deciduous trees shed their leaves before winter to avoid damage from snow and moisture loss. This combination of coniferous and deciduous species forms the characteristic forest canopy of boreal forests across North America, Europe, and Asia.