Anglo-Indians are a distinct minority community primarily of mixed British (or other European) and Indian ancestry, traditionally defined as those whose paternal lineage is European and maternal lineage is Indian. The term originally referred to British people living in India, but from the early 20th century onwards it was formalized to designate people of mixed British and Indian descent. Anglo-Indians typically speak English as their mother tongue and are mostly Christians. Their community emerged during the colonial period when unions between British men and Indian women gave rise to this unique ethnic group. Post-independence, Anglo-Indians have been recognized as an official minority in the Indian Constitution, and their population has significantly decreased due to migration to countries like the UK, Australia, Canada, and the US. They have historically been involved in administrative roles and the railways, often called the "Railway Children" for this reason.

Definition and Origin

Legally, according to the Indian Constitution (Article 366(2)), an Anglo- Indian is "a person whose father or any other male ancestor in the male line is or was of European descent but who is domiciled in India." The community originated from early European settlements in India, including Portuguese and later British colonial rule, which encouraged marriages or relationships between European men and Indian women.

Demographics and Culture

Anglo-Indians are predominantly urban, Christian, English-speaking, and historically formed a significant part of the population during British rule, around 300,000 at independence. However, their numbers are now much smaller in India due to emigration and assimilation, with estimates varying widely from tens of thousands to over 100,000. Culturally, they exhibit a blend of Eastern and Western traditions, with close ties to British heritage but Indian roots.

Historical Context

During British rule, Anglo-Indians often held roles in the railways, telegraphy, and administrative services. They were somewhat isolated from both Indian and British societies, which contributed to their unique identity but also to social challenges and stigmatization. After independence, shifts in social status led many Anglo-Indians to migrate abroad, although organizations like the All India Anglo-Indian Association continue to represent the community's interests.

In summary, Anglo-Indians are a historically significant mixed Anglo-European and Indian community with a distinct cultural and social identity rooted in colonial India.