The Roma, also known as Romani people or Romanies, are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group who traditionally lived a nomadic, itinerant lifestyle. They originated from the northern Indian subcontinent—likely from regions corresponding to present-day Punjab, Rajasthan, and Sindh—and migrated into Europe starting around the 9th or 10th century. The Roma language is an Indo-Aryan language with many dialects influenced by Persian, Armenian, Byzantine Greek, and South Slavic languages. Historically, the Roma lived as traveling artisans, entertainers, and craftspeople, but today many are settled throughout Europe, particularly in countries like Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia, and Slovakia. The group includes many sub-groups such as Kalderash, Romanichals, Sinti, Kalé, and Gitano, each with distinct histories and cultures but a shared origin. Roma have often faced discrimination, marginalization, and social exclusion in Europe. Their identity centers around a cultural heritage that emphasizes freedom and mobility, with strong oral traditions in music, storytelling, and crafts. Genetic research supports their origins from northern India and shows a complex migration history involving significant interaction with various populations along their route to Europe. The term "Gypsies" has been commonly used in English to refer to Roma but can be considered derogatory by some; "Roma" or "Romani people" are the preferred terms for respectful reference.