Jesus was crucified by the Romans under the authority of Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea. Crucifixion was a Roman method of execution, and Roman soldiers physically carried out the crucifixion by nailing Jesus to the cross and erecting it

. Pontius Pilate ordered Jesus’ execution, although the Gospels portray him as somewhat reluctant, even washing his hands to symbolize his claimed innocence in Jesus’ death

. However, responsibility for Jesus’ death also involves the Jewish religious leaders and the crowd. The chief priests and elders of the Jewish people conspired to arrest Jesus and demanded that the Romans put him to death because they saw Jesus as a threat to their religious authority

. The crowd called for Jesus’ crucifixion and chose to release Barabbas, a criminal, instead of Jesus during his trial before Pilate

. In summary:

• The Romans, led by Pontius Pilate, executed Jesus by crucifixion.
• Jewish religious leaders orchestrated his arrest and pressured Pilate for his death.
• The Jewish crowd also called for Jesus’ crucifixion.
• The event involved multiple parties acting together, with Pilate having the final legal authority to order the execution

This complex interplay of Roman political authority and Jewish religious leadership is central to the historical and theological understanding of who crucified Jesus.