Jesus was crucified by the Romans under the authority of Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea, who sentenced Him to death and ordered the crucifixion carried out by Roman soldiers

. The method of execution—crucifixion—was a Roman practice, and Roman soldiers physically nailed Jesus to the cross

. However, Jewish religious leaders, particularly the Sanhedrin (the Jewish council of elders and priests), played a significant role in Jesus' arrest, trial, and handing Him over to the Romans. They accused Jesus of blasphemy and inciting the people, seeing Him as a threat to their religious authority, and demanded His death

. The crowd in Jerusalem also called for Jesus to be crucified and for Barabbas, a criminal, to be released instead

. The New Testament portrays this as a complex event involving multiple parties: Roman authorities, Jewish leaders, and the people of Israel all had roles in the death of Jesus. Peter, in Acts 2, refers to "men of Israel" who crucified Jesus by the hands of lawless men, indicating shared responsibility

. From a theological perspective, it is also emphasized that God allowed these events as part of a divine plan for salvation, with Jesus' death and resurrection being central to Christian faith

. In summary, Jesus was executed by the Romans under Pilate's orders, but Jewish leaders instigated and demanded His death, and the people of Israel participated in the calls for crucifixion. Thus, responsibility is shared among Roman authorities, Jewish leaders, and the crowd of that time