The "elites" in West and East Africa converted to Islam from their traditional religions mainly for economic, political, and social reasons. In West Africa, conversion often meant easier access to valuable trans-Saharan trade networks with Muslim merchants, enhancing wealth and diplomatic ties with powerful Islamic empires. This common religion fostered trust and cooperation among merchants and neighboring states. Kings and rulers also adopted Islam to consolidate power, unify diverse populations, and gain prestige through connections with the wider Islamic world. The religion's emphasis on literacy and governance assisted rulers in administration and legitimacy. Conversion was generally voluntary and gradual, blending with local customs rather than replacing traditional beliefs forcibly. In East Africa, Islam spread largely through trade along the coast and interaction with Arab and Swahili Muslim traders. The adoption of Islam by local elites facilitated economic and diplomatic relations and introduced Islamic legal and social structures that helped strengthen their control and societal organization. Overall, the elites' conversion was motivated by practical advantages in trade, politics, governance, prestige, and social cohesion rather than purely spiritual reasons. Islam's flexibility in accommodating some traditional practices also eased its acceptance among African rulers and communities.