India and Pakistan have a deep-rooted animosity primarily because of their origin marked by the partition of British India in 1947, which created two separate nations based on religious lines—India predominantly Hindu and Pakistan predominantly Muslim. The partition triggered massive communal violence and a massive population exchange, leaving lasting scars and hostility. The core territorial dispute over Kashmir, a Muslim-majority region ruled by a Hindu king who acceded to India, has fueled multiple wars and ongoing conflict. Both countries have fought four wars, experience frequent cross-border terrorism, and maintain nuclear arsenals directed at each other. Political, religious nationalism and historical grievances have further entrenched mutual distrust and hatred between them.
Historical Background
- The partition was made hastily and crudely, leaving millions displaced and violent deaths estimated between 200,000 to 2 million.
- The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was a major flashpoint. Its ruler chose India after an invasion from Pakistani tribesmen, which Pakistan disputes.
- This led to multiple wars and decades of hostility.
Political and Religious Factors
- India is largely Hindu with a significant Muslim minority; Pakistan was envisaged as a Muslim homeland.
- Political parties in both countries have stoked religious nationalism, deepening divides.
- Terrorism and military conflicts have perpetuated animosity.
Psychological and Social Context
- India and Pakistan were once part of one society, so the conflict also resembles a severe "family feud" or rivalry between communities and kinship groups.
- Mutual perceptions of being wronged and neglected have entrenched competitive and hostile attitudes.
This complex history of partition, territorial disputes, religious nationalism, and recurring conflicts explains why India and Pakistan have such enduring hostility toward each other.
