Hiccups occur because of involuntary spasms or contractions of the diaphragm , the muscle located below the lungs that helps with breathing. When the diaphragm spasms suddenly, it causes a quick intake of air that makes the vocal cords close abruptly, producing the "hic" sound characteristic of hiccups.

Common Causes of Hiccups

• Eating or drinking too quickly, which can cause bloating and irritate the diaphragm.
• Drinking carbonated beverages or alcohol.
• Eating large meals or spicy foods.
• Emotional stress or sudden excitement.
• Sudden temperature changes, including hot or cold food or drinks.
• Swallowing air during activities like chewing gum, smoking, or laughing.
• Irritation or damage to the nerves controlling the diaphragm (such as the vagus or phrenic nerves).

When Hiccups are Serious

Usually, hiccups are brief and not harmful. However, hiccups lasting more than 48 hours (persistent hiccups) can be a sign of underlying medical issues such as nerve damage, central nervous system disorders, metabolic problems, or side effects of some medications. In summary, hiccups are caused by a reflex that makes the diaphragm contract involuntarily for various reasons, often linked to irritation or stimulation of the diaphragm or its controlling nerves.