To answer quickly: you can file for unemployment as soon as you become unemployed. In most states, your claim is effective the week you file, and you typically start receiving benefits after your claim is processed and you meet eligibility. Processing times for your first payment commonly range from about two to three weeks after you file and are deemed eligible, though exact timing varies by state and your specific situation. If you have a recent job loss or reduced hours, it’s best to apply online as soon as possible to minimize delays. Key steps to take

• Gather: last employer contact info, your Social Security number, contact information, and details about your earnings in the base period.
• File promptly: use your state's unemployment portal or call center to start your claim.
• Complete weekly certifications: once your claim is filed, you’ll need to file weekly (or biweekly, depending on the state) to continue benefits.
• Respond to requests: if the agency asks for additional information, provide it quickly to avoid payment delays.

If you’d like, specify your state and I can provide a targeted guide with exact timelines, eligibility criteria, and filing steps for that state.