The conflict between India and Pakistan mainly arises from the partition of British India in 1947, which created two countries based on religious majority—India with a Hindu majority and Pakistan with a Muslim majority. A major source of tension has been the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, which both countries claim. The local ruler of Kashmir initially wanted independence but chose to join India in exchange for military help against Pakistani tribal fighters, triggering the first Indo-Pakistani war. Since then, the two countries have fought multiple wars, mainly over Kashmir, and also engaged in constant border skirmishes and diplomatic hostility. The conflict has a strong communal and territorial basis, intertwined deeply with historical grievances, nationalism, and religious identity. More recently, in 2025, a series of escalating military actions, including India's missile strikes on Pakistan and Pakistan's retaliatory attacks, further intensified the conflict, drawing international attention and ceasefire negotiations. Both countries are nuclear-armed, which adds to the gravity of their clashes. In summary, India and Pakistan's conflict is rooted primarily in the 1947 Partition and the unresolved Kashmir dispute, exacerbated by religious- nationalist identities and repeated military confrontations.