Type 2 diabetes is caused primarily by a combination of insulin resistance and insufficient insulin production. In this condition, the body's cells in muscle, fat, and liver do not respond properly to insulin, a hormone that helps glucose enter cells to be used for energy. As a result, glucose builds up in the blood instead of being absorbed by the cells. Additionally, the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels

. Several factors contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes:

• Insulin resistance : Cells become less responsive to insulin, leading to higher blood glucose levels

• Obesity and overweight : Excess body fat, especially abdominal fat, is the biggest risk factor because it promotes insulin resistance. However, not all people with obesity develop diabetes, as genetics also play a role

• Genetics and family history : A significant proportion of risk is inherited. Many genes contribute to susceptibility, with some affecting pancreatic beta cell function and insulin secretion

• Lifestyle factors : Poor diet (high in sugar-sweetened drinks, refined carbohydrates, and processed meats), lack of physical activity, smoking, and insufficient sleep increase risk

• Age and ethnicity : Risk increases with age, and certain ethnic groups (such as African American, Hispanic, Asian American, and Pacific Islander) have higher susceptibility

• Other medical conditions and medications : Some health conditions (e.g., gestational diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome) and medications (e.g., glucocorticoids, beta blockers) can increase risk

In summary, type 2 diabetes arises from a complex interplay of insulin resistance, inadequate insulin production, genetic predisposition, and lifestyle factors such as obesity and inactivity