Ribosomes are cellular structures responsible for synthesizing proteins by translating genetic information from messenger RNA (mRNA) into amino acid chains. They read the sequence of codons on the mRNA and match each codon with the appropriate transfer RNA (tRNA) carrying specific amino acids, linking these amino acids together to form a polypeptide chain that folds into a functional protein. This process is called translation. Ribosomes consist of two subunits (large and small) made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. The small subunit decodes the mRNA, while the large subunit catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids. Ribosomes can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, influencing where the synthesized proteins will function-either inside the cell or exported outside it. In summary, ribosomes' main functions are:

• Decoding the genetic code from mRNA.
• Catalyzing peptide bond formation to build proteins.

They are essential for all cells because proteins are critical for cellular structure, function, and regulation of biochemical processes