Antisemitism is hostility, prejudice, or discrimination directed against Jews. It can manifest in various ways, ranging from individual expressions of hatred and discrimination to extreme forms such as violence, pogroms, or genocide. The term generally encompasses negative stereotypes, conspiracy theories, and collective blame against Jews as a group, often attributing harmful influence or conspiracies to them. Antisemitism can target Jewish individuals, communities, institutions, and sometimes the state of Israel as a Jewish collectivity, although legitimate criticism of Israel is not considered antisemitic by widely accepted definitions. The International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) working definition, which is widely recognized, states: "Antisemitism is a certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of antisemitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their property, toward Jewish community institutions and religious facilities." Examples of antisemitism include promoting harmful stereotypes, blaming Jews collectively for actions of individuals, denying the Holocaust, and accusing Jews of dual loyalty. Historically, antisemitism includes both religiously motivated hatred and racial antisemitism, where Jews were viewed as an inferior race. Antisemitism has evolved over centuries but remains a persistent form of hatred and discrimination worldwide.