Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious, potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes, most commonly occurring in people with type 1 diabetes but also possible in type 2 diabetes. It happens when the body lacks enough insulin to allow blood sugar (glucose) to enter cells for energy use. As a result, the body starts breaking down fat for fuel instead, producing acids called ketones. When ketones build up too quickly and in high amounts, they make the blood acidic, leading to ketoacidosis

Causes and Mechanism

• Insufficient insulin prevents glucose from entering cells.
• The liver breaks down fat into ketones for energy.
• Excess ketones accumulate, causing blood acidity.
• Common triggers include missed insulin doses, infections, illness, injury, or stress

Symptoms

Early symptoms develop gradually and include:

• Excessive thirst
• Frequent urination

If untreated, symptoms worsen rapidly and may include:

• Fast, deep breathing
• Dry skin and mouth
• Fruity-smelling breath
• Headache
• Muscle aches
• Fatigue
• Nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain

Diagnosis and Treatment

DKA is diagnosed by high blood sugar levels, elevated ketones in blood and urine, and acidic blood pH. Treatment involves:

• Intravenous fluids to correct dehydration
• Insulin therapy to reduce blood sugar and ketone production
• Correction of electrolyte imbalances, especially potassium
• Addressing any underlying infections or causes

Without prompt treatment, DKA can lead to diabetic coma or death. It can sometimes be the first sign of diabetes in undiagnosed individuals

. In summary, DKA is a dangerous metabolic state caused by insulin deficiency leading to high blood sugar, ketone buildup, and blood acidity, requiring urgent medical care.