Atoms have no overall electric charge because they contain equal numbers of positively charged protons in the nucleus and negatively charged electrons orbiting the nucleus. The positive charge of the protons exactly cancels out the negative charge of the electrons, resulting in a net electric charge of zero, making the atom electrically neutral. When an atom has this balanced number of protons and electrons, it does not exhibit an overall electric charge. However, if the atom loses or gains electrons, it becomes charged and is then called an ion.

Explanation of Neutrality in Atoms

• Protons carry positive charge (+1 each) and are located in the nucleus.
• Electrons carry negative charge (-1 each) and orbit the nucleus.
• Neutrons, also in the nucleus, have no charge and do not affect the overall electric charge.
• The number of protons equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom.
• The sum of positive and negative charges cancels out, so the atom is neutral.

Ionization

• Atoms can lose or gain electrons, becoming ions with a net positive or negative charge.
• Neutral atoms are usually the most stable state and tend to return to neutrality by gaining or losing electrons over time.

This balance is fundamental to the structure and behavior of matter.