Plants grow because of a combination of processes including cell division, cell enlargement, and cell differentiation, which occur primarily in regions called meristems. They require energy to grow, supplied by photosynthesis, a process where plants convert light energy into chemical energy by transforming water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds. Growth is also regulated by hormones like auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins, and influenced by environmental factors such as water, temperature, and light.

Key Processes in Plant Growth

• Growth occurs through cell division (mitosis), enlargement of cells, and differentiation into specialized tissues.
• Meristems at the tips of roots and shoots enable lengthening growth, while lateral meristems contribute to the thickening of stems.
• Photosynthesis fuels the plant by producing sugars from light, water, and carbon dioxide, providing the energy for cellular processes essential to growth.

Role of Hormones and Environment

• Hormones such as auxins promote cell elongation and differentiation, helping direct growth patterns.
• Environmental factors like water availability, temperature, and light intensity directly affect the rate and extent of growth.
• Water also supports cellular structure through turgor pressure and facilitates nutrient transport within the plant.

Summary

Plants grow by producing new cells and expanding existing ones in response to internal genetic and hormonal signals, using energy produced through photosynthesis, and adapting to environmental conditions to optimize their development.