The question of human overpopulation is highly debated among scientists, economists, and policymakers, with no consensus on whether Earth is currently overpopulated.

Arguments for Overpopulation

Some experts argue that humans are overpopulated based on environmental impact. The Global Footprint Network estimated in 2023 that humanity's ecological footprint reached 1.71 Earths, meaning human demand for resources exceeded what Earth can regenerate by 71%. Proponents point to biodiversity loss, mass species extinction, and ecosystem degradation as evidence that current population levels strain planetary capacity. A 2015 survey found that 82% of scientists associated with the American Association for the Advancement of Science expressed concern about population growth.

Arguments Against Overpopulation

Critics contend that overpopulation concerns are overstated, noting that global population growth is slowing and will likely peak before 2100. The UN now projects world population will stabilize around 9.7 billion by 2050 and potentially decline thereafter. Some researchers argue that technological innovation and more efficient resource use can sustain larger populations, with evidence showing many resources have become more abundant despite population growth. Political economist Nicholas Eberstadt argues the issue is poverty and distribution, not absolute numbers.

The Role of Consumption

Many experts emphasize that overconsumption, particularly in wealthy nations, poses a greater threat than population size alone. The environmental impact depends on both the number of people and their consumption patterns, suggesting that reducing consumption rates alongside addressing fertility may be more effective than focusing solely on population numbers.