Physical activity is any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. It includes all movements done during leisure time, transport, work, and daily life. Regular physical activity has numerous health benefits such as controlling weight, preventing noncommunicable diseases (heart disease, stroke, diabetes, cancer), improving mental health, strengthening muscles and bones, and enhancing overall well-being. Guidelines generally recommend at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per week, combined with muscle- strengthening exercises two or more days a week. Being physically active can also reduce sedentary time, which further benefits health.
Definition and Scope
Physical activity encompasses any movement by skeletal muscles that requires energy. This includes structured exercises like running or swimming, as well as unplanned activities like walking to the store or doing household chores. It differs from exercise in that exercise is planned and purposeful for fitness improvement, whereas physical activity may be incidental.
Health Benefits
Regular physical activity:
- Helps maintain a healthy weight and prevents obesity.
- Reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and certain cancers.
- Improves mental health by reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety.
- Enhances cognitive functioning and brain health.
- Strengthens muscles, bones, and joints, reducing the risk of osteoporosis and falls.
- Boosts energy levels, mood, and quality of sleep.
Recommended Guidelines
- Adults should aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity per week.
- Muscle-strengthening activities are recommended at least two days per week.
- More activity (e.g., 300 minutes per week) can provide additional health benefits.
- Physical activity should be spread throughout the week, in bouts of at least 10 minutes.
- Reducing sedentary time is important even for those who meet activity guidelines.
Global and Public Health Context
Despite the known benefits, a large percentage of adults and adolescents globally do not meet recommended physical activity levels, leading to increased health risks and burdens on healthcare systems. Efforts to promote physical activity include community programs, school initiatives, and urban planning that encourages active lifestyles.
In summary, physical activity is essential for health and well-being, involving a broad range of movements beyond formal exercise, and it is vital for preventing diseases and improving quality of life.
