The models of decision making that describe how managers actually make decisions are primarily the nonrational models alongside the rational model. The key models include:

• The Bounded Rationality Model, which reflects the limitations managers face such as cognitive constraints and incomplete information, leading them to "satisfice" by choosing a good-enough option rather than an optimal one. This model captures real-world managerial decision making under constraints.
• The Administrative Model, which describes decision making in complex, uncertain, and difficult situations, emphasizing that managers do not always have complete information or clear objectives, so they settle for satisfactory rather than optimal solutions.
• The Intuitive Decision Model, where managers rely on experience, instincts, and pattern recognition to make rapid decisions under pressure, rather than following a deliberate analytical process.
• The Recognition-Primed Decision Model, combining intuition and analysis, allows managers to recognize patterns from past experience and mentally simulate potential outcomes quickly.

These models reflect the practical realities of managerial decision making, which often deviates from purely rational approaches due to limitations in time, information, and resources.